Introduction: The ethical dimensions of agriculture need to be explored, distinguishing between ethics in agriculture and ethics of agriculture. Ethics in agriculture is traditionally based on abstract moral theory, formulated through logical reasoning, but often found inadequate to address the complex ethical challenges within agriculture due to its abstract nature and lack of practical visibility. Conversely, ethics of agriculture is approached within a context-specific framework derived from the research topic with the aim of providing more tailored solutions. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of the relevant literature is conducted, using a descriptive-analytical approach to provide a conceptual framework for understanding agricultural ethics. Conclusion: The article highlights the critical need for a comprehensive ethical framework to address the multifaceted ethical challenges in the agricultural sector. The importance of analyzing and resolving ethical dilemmas at all stages of agriculture is underscored in order to align practices with human ideals and to ensure ethical decision-making by stakeholders involved in agriculture.

One may say that translation is the simplest and best way for communication and dialogue among various cultures. If various peoples with their different languages were able to understand one another perfectly, the world peace process would be easier and more civilized. In national cultures, one may find thousands of works, experiences, scientific and technical facts, etc. If these were all translated into a target language, then a a global humanities could be developed. Since it is quite possible that the native speakers of that target language may not know foreign languages, they are always unable to read foriegn texts. Nowadays, even though just one or two European languages have become international languages, translation has still maintained its significance. Those who work on translation or are translators should have a firm knowledge of the scientific principles and approaches of translation. Thus a consideration and survey of these technical rules is absolutely essential and significant so as to achieve the above mentioned objectives. Articles, essays, and books written on translation have considered the translation process from two different perspectives: " L Theoretical foundations IL practical Instructions In this article, the researcher has tried to put forward these two perspectives along with various examples: This research will also be continued in the future

In etymology and terminology of the Iranian painting style of the contemporary period, unfortunately the inappropriate word 'miniature' has been wrongly institutionalized within the artistic community. Namely, without referring to any specific document or research conducted, many people have not only accepted this foreign word but have also contributed to the promotion and spread of the use of this unprofessional term, thus adding to the misunderstanding of many of the audience of such artworks. The western miniature is totally different in terms of fundamentals and approach with that of the eastern taste and worldview specifically the noble art of Iranian painting and has also portrayed less consistency in material and technical characteristics. On the other hand, and taking into account the characteristics of the Iranian painting, i. e. being 'insightful', ' Thematic', 'structured', 'functional' and 'technical', it might be assumed that except in rare cases such as the small artwork background and some technical subtleties, the western miniature share not so much commonalities with the Iranian painting. But the contemporary Iranian painting, which is the continuation of and in line with the traditional one, has similarities and differences with the previous painting schools and yet enjoys its own specific functions and concepts. Through a comprehensive and professional approach towards the general, classic components the works and styles of the contemporary painters could be analyzed comparatively and their similarities, differences with and distinctive features from the works of traditional Iranian painters be specified. Due to their specific, independent character with that of the of traditional Iranian painting styles, amongst all, the works and style of one of the most prominent contemporary Iranian painters, i. e., Mahmoud Farshchian, have been studied and analyzed comparatively to clarify the proportions and relations existing between the two artistic periods. This paper endeavors to study the trend of creation and evolution of Mahmoud Farshchian’ s style and get a clear idea of its principles as well as theoretical and practical foundations and aims to make a comparative study of the artist’ s painting style with that of the traditional Persian painting styles. Making a comprehensive survey of the artist's style will not only clarify its position as compared to the previous painting schools and help evaluate its relation to the styles of the contemporary era, but also significantly contributes to make further policies and develop the future prospects of Iranian painting. In this study, a collection of non-repetitive texts and para-texts of the artist’ s major and minor books including colored works, with or without identifications, black and white pencil sketches, unpublished works in possession of state museums, private collections and undisclosed locations, making a total of over 538 works created between 1945 to the beginning of 2014, have been studied. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach, this theoretical paper has made a comparative analysis of the features of 'traditional Persian painting' with 'modern Iranian painting'. The theoretical and practical foundations of Farshchian’ s style have been studied for the first time through a comprehensive and multidisciplinary desk study of library resources as well as field studies of the author taking into account all the artworks created (538 pieces) by the artist. Based on the findings, it is concluded that the western miniature, in its principles and viewpoint, is different from the taste and worldview of the eastern art particularly the Iranian one and is more dissimilar with respect to the materials and technical features employed. It could also be assumed that except in rare cases such as the small background of the artwork and some technical subtleties, the western miniature could not possibly share much similarity with the Iranian painting. However, on the word “ Iranian painting’ or better say “ Negargari” which is far more professional and clear than “ miniature” , it should be said that although Negargari is a counterpart to the noble Iranian style of painting, yet we cannot apply the term ‘ traditional Negargari’ to Farshchian’ s artworks because, although they share some commonalities with that of the fundamentals of the noble Iranian traditional painting, yet they possess prominent distinctive features. In every aspect of Iranian painting, Farshchian has employed some innovation and creativity of his own; thus leading to the creation of fresh theoretical and practical foundations that form his own specific, independent style. Taking into account such principles, the works of Farshchian could be called the 'neo Iranian painting' style that has evolved in continuation and in line with the traditions of genuine Iranian painting style.

Mixed Method Research is considered as the latest methodological orientation in social and behavioral sciences and sociology which has been developed following a long period of intra-paradigm controversies between quantitative and qualitative approaches. Based on pragmatist perspective, the mixed method research, while emphasizing on paradigm convergence, seeks to combine both quantitative and qualitative methodologies in a single study which takes three forms containing of concurrent, sequential, and transformative designs.Historically tracing back to 1960s, the mixed method research methodology has formally introduced in last decade, then, it has followed and expanded over recent years. This emergent strategy has particular literature, principles, stages and designs quite different from the conventional qualitative and quantitative designs.In this Paper, it has been tried to overview the historical emergence of mixed method research and its definitions. Then, while introducing the deductive and inductive types of mixed method designs, six types of mixed method research including of Concurrent-Triangulation, Concurrent-Nested, Concurrent-Transformative, Sequential-Explanatory, Sequential-Exploratory and Sequential-Transformative designs and their practical procedures have been discussed. Besides, some aspects of mixed method research proposal including of: Goals, Questions and Hypothesis in mixed method design, the place of theory, the mixed method data collection and analysis strategies, the practical stages of conducting and writing mixed methods research reports, and the strategies of validation and evaluation mixed method designs have been explored.

As a realm of global communication, international relations considered an operational environment for interactions of international actors. Understanding behavioral principles of these actors lead to right understanding of their actions and playing. So, without this understanding, explaining and analyzing of their behavior is impossible. Nowadays, increasing the number of international actors and inclusion of various non-governmental actors has doubled the importance of their study. Understanding the actions of Shia Marjai'ah institution- as one of these actors- is not excluded. This forms the central issue and the basis of the formation of the question of this article: What is the Trans-Terrestrial Decision-making Pattern of Marjai'ah Institution and what are its theoretical foundations and practical rules. How it manages to provide objective needs and at the same time maintains religious goals and duties? "The rationale of the assignment" as well as "assignment -based rationality", forms the main structure of decision-making pattern of Marjai'ah Institution that is based on multi-dimensional and multi-stage model that enjoys the sources of Ijtihad (Marja'iah), the basic rules and observance of objective materials.

Purpose: Human need for a good life has always prompted social thinkers to carefully analyze the factors of excellence and decline of human civilizations. In the meantime, attention to Islamic civilization has been of great interest due to its integration with the spirit of religion and monotheistic worldview. Although many researches have been conducted in relation to the nature and stages and even factors of the decline of Islamic civilization, the main issue of this research is that from the point of view of Martyr Motahari, as one of the most important social thinkers and knowledgeable about Islamic teachings, what factor is the point of gravity Islamic civilization is mentioned and what are the theoretical and practical foundations of this civilization.Methodology: This research was conducted using thematic analysis method, in such a way that the sentences with themes related to the general category of Islamic civilization were extracted from the works of Shahid Motahari, and then their basic and organizing themes were extracted and after verifying the validity and reliability Research by experts, the final category of research, has been analyzed and drawn.Findings: In this research, an effort was made to firstly present and analyze the definition of modern Islamic civilization by Martyr Motahari, and secondly, to extract and calculate the theoretical and practical foundations of the realization of such a civilization. The reason for choosing Shahid Motahari in this research is because theorizing in the field of civilizational issues requires the thinker to be comprehensive in such a way that he has well understood the transcendental view of existence, epistemology, anthropology and sociology from the perspective of religion and have the ability to read and generate it publicly. Relying on his jurisprudential, social and political thoughts, Martyr Motahari explored and deduced the requirements of the time and the future human need for civilization and monotheism and expressed valuable and practical opinions in the direction of the formation of a new Islamic civilization.The study of Martyr Motahari's opinions and the results of the research show that:     He introduced monotheism as the center of gravity of Islamic civilization and used the term "monotheistic civilization".He has considered monotheistic system building for the formation of Islamic civilization to be based on human nature.He has classified the factors of realization of monotheistic civilization under two general categories of theoretical foundations and practical foundations.In the theoretical foundations of monotheistic civilization, he paid attention to the direct effect of monotheistic systemization, social evolution of human societies, and naturalism.In the practical foundations of monotheistic civilization, he pointed out factors such as religious democracy, reviving and reforming religious thought, and avoiding the factors of civilizational decline with the objective spread of Islamic ideology in the society.Conclusion: In this research, which used thematic analysis method to collect and analyze Martyr Motahari's opinions about modern Islamic civilization, the following results were obtained: Martyr Motahari has introduced the principle of "monotheism" as the center of gravity of Islamic civilization and is trying hard to establish a serious and two-way relationship between civilization and monotheism, because "monotheism" is a product of Islamic worldview and regulates the way of life and social governance of humans. For this reason, he has used the term "monotheistic civilization" in some cases to express his meaning. He considered this systematization of monotheism for the formation of Islamic civilization to be based on the divine nature of man, which is hidden by God as a developmental matter in the institution of all humanity, so the passage of time or changing requirements will not disturb its theoretical and practical foundations.From the analysis of Shahid Motahari's thoughts with thematic analysis method, we were able to extract organizing themes that were classified under two general categories: theoretical foundations and practical foundations. In the theoretical foundations of monotheistic civilization, Shahid Motahari has paid special attention to the direct effect of monotheistic systemization, social evolution of human societies, and naturalism. This naturalism is also dependent on faith and ideology and is an attempt to develop human consciousness and freedom and to give authenticity to human nature. In the practical foundations of monotheistic civilization, Martyr Motahari has pointed out factors such as religious democracy, revival and reformation of religious thought, and avoiding factors of civilizational decline with the objective spread of Islamic ideology in the society. In the degeneration factors section, there are six themes; Lack of understanding of the true nature of Islam, non-commitment of Muslims, division and dissension, distortion and humiliation of action, the performance of high-ranking governments and dealing with abolition issues have been revealed as the most important factors in the decline of monotheistic civilization from the point of view of Martyr Motahari.Finally, it should be said that Shahid Motahari considers civilizational jurisprudence to be responsible for the purposeful design of community management with a view of monotheistic Sharia, and in order to achieve a desirable monotheistic civilization, attention should be paid to prerequisites such as: training of a unified human force, monotheistic culture, strengthening monotheistic values, monotheistic ethics , monotheistic human rights and the institutionalization of monotheistic rationality and justice are necessary.    

Mysticism and Sufism is one of the most influential currents in the history of Islam, which can be studied from various epistemological, political, social, artistic, etc. angles. This trend has many different branches and slogans both in its theoretical and practical dimensions, which have digested from thinkers and scientific and religious elites to the general public who do not benefit from religious awareness. One of the influential figures in the history of Islamic Sufism, who is known as the Elder of Turkestan due to his deep influence in Turkic-speaking lands and is considered the greatest Turkish Sufi, is Khwaja Ahmad Yesavi. The collection of Khwaja Ahmad's poems, written in a Turkish language that is understandable for the general public, has been collected in a book called Diwan Hikmat and translated and published in various languages. In these poems, he has expressed his mystical views about explaining the steps of his conduct and mystical advice for others. The present article is trying to discover and outline the system of mystical thoughts of Khwaja Ahmed Yesavi in the field of theoretical and practical mysticism and present a clearer picture of his mystical foundations..

Iran's foreign relations with other countries after the victory of the Islamic Republic in 1979 were shaped by its interim government that wanted to have the newly-formed government recognized and pursue the country's interests at international bodies based on the Revolution's ideology, values and principles. The principles of interim government's foreign policy were based on negotiations within international rules, competition instead of rejection, non-alignment, and prioritizing national interests over idealism arisen from the Revolution. The interim government, however, failed to tune its principles with those of the Revolution Council and the leader's views and fell from grace after the resignation of its prime minister, becoming a dissident group. n the years after 1982, Iran' s foreign policy was shaped based on the Revolution's ideals like defending the dispossessed peoples, standing up to the polarized Imperialist system, exporting the Revolution's values, and creating a new world order based on justice and values in line with those of the Revolution. The present paper investigates the causes of disputes between the Freedom Movement and other main groups in power after the Revolution. The researcher has tried to explain the Freedom Movement's theoretical foundations and its practical approaches in foreign policy by using historical research method.

The implementation of programs related to social policy in Iran's higher education system has caused problems on contingent foundations of identity politics, i.e. the possibility of the subject inside yourself and the reproduction of others under the social policy of cohesion, and in this way, social policy and its consequent advantages, including strengthening national solidarity have faced a problem. The most significant aspect of these programs is Indigenous Selection on Education (ISE), and its implementation has turned the relationship between the mentioned plan (ISE), social cohesion and national solidarity into a question. This research proposes the assumption that (ISE) by producing social totalities and through the creation of correlation between trade unions, cultural and social issues; it caused the subject to decontextualize and has faced difficulty in the possibility of self-production and reproduction of others. This research, relying on the importance of identity politics and the role of actors' subjectivity in the reconformation of social identity and the role of subjects in promoting national identity and solidarity, and by examining the diverse speeches of Iranian higher education policymakers during the last two decades, this hypothesis has been conformed in a qualitative method using phenomenological concepts

Decision-making is considered to be the main essence of governance and management. Every decision is purposefully made from among different possible options, but during implementation, it has the power to change the future of the organization and all its stakeholders. Therefore, the science of decision-making has become an irreplaceable science for policy makers and managers, both in the private and public sectors. Part of this science focuses on decision-making methods and techniques. One of the most useful decision-making methods that has been favored by managers and policy makers around the world is the "Importance-Performance analysis technique". This technique helps policy makers in evaluating policies and managers in strategic appraisal a lots. The present study understands the philosophical foundations of this technique, its main elements and practical procedure using SPSS 23 software. Criticisms of this methodology and guidelines for improving the performance of this technique are the final part of this article.